french and indian war
on Feburary 10, 1763, the french&Indian war came to an end with the signing of the treaty of Paris. defeated by Britain and its allies, France was forced to cede all Canada in exchange for the return of Guadeloupe and Martinique. in addition, Spain obtained french Louisana in exchange for Florida which was given to the British. while triumphant, the war had badly stressed Britains's finances plunging the nation into debt. in an effort to alleviate there financial burdens,the government in London began exploring various options for raising revenues.
proclamation of 1763
after the colonists had just fought in the french and indian war to gain land west of the appalachians, king George said that they couldn't touch the land they'd just fought so hard to get that anger combined with increasing disenchantment with the british soldiers who were going to be permanently stationed there to push the revolution forward. the people of massachusetts and the like weren't too happy withe the brithish soldiers habits of visiting prostitues and swearing.everyone was getting generallt sick of the british presence. it had been decided that the americans could not defend themselves adequately without assistance and so needed a 10000 man standing army that they were going to pay for.
sugar acts
the british passed the sugar act on april, 5 1764 which placed a tax on sugar. the money was to go towards funds that would help improve security in the american colonies. this developed the sugar act protests especially from those affected directly like the shippers and merchants and a lot of violence was involved and this was part of the fights against the british that eventually led to the american revolution.
quartering act
The Quartering Act was an act passed by British Parliament to ensure that British soldiers would be properly billeted and fed during their times of service in the North American Colonies. In fact, Parliament passed two separate Quartering Acts, one in 1765 and another in 1774, and both became serious bones of contention among the Colonists. In fact, the Quartering Act was found so offensive that specific references were made to it in the Declaration of Independence and the American Constitution.
stamp act
On February 6th, 1765 George Grenville rose in Parliament to offer the fifty-five resolutions of his Stamp Bill. A motion was offered to first read petitions from the Virginia colony and others was denied. The bill was passed on February 17, approved by the Lords on March 8th, and two weeks later ordered in effect by the King. The Stamp Act was Parliament's first serious attempt to assert governmental authority over the colonies. Great Britain was faced with a massive national debt following the Seven Years War.
tea and boston tea party
in an effort to support the ailing East India Company, Parliament exempted its tea from import duties and allowed the Company to sell its tea directly to the colonies. Americans resented what they saw as an indirect tax subsidizing a British company.
intolerable act
Four measures which stripped Massachusetts of self-government and judicial independence following the Boston Tea Party. The colonies responded with a general boycott of British goods.
the first continental congress
News of the Coercive Acts arrives in the colonies in the spring of 1774. In response to the punitive measures outlined in the Boston Port Bill, Bostonians propose to cease all trade with Britain, as set forth in the Solemn League and Covenant. Haunted by the failure of earlier commercial resistance initiatives, the other twelve colonies are wary of yielding to Boston's leadership. A colony-wide congress to discuss a united course of resistance emerges as a logical alternative. By July 1774, each of the American colonies (except Georgia, where elections are thwarted by the royal governor) has elected delegates to a Grand Continental Congress.
Battle of Lexington and concord
date- April 19, 1775
summary of what happened- On the night of april 18, 1775 hundreds of british troops marched from boston to nearby concord in order to seize an arms cache. Paul Revere and other riders sounded the alarm, and colonial militiamen began mobilizing to intercept the Redcoat column. A confrontation on the Lexington town green started off the fighting, and soon the British were hastily retreating under intense fire. Many more battles followed, and in 1783 the colonists formally won their independence.
the aftermath-The Battles of Lexington and Concord took a toll on both sides. For the colonists, 49 were killed, 39 were wounded, and five were missing. For the British, 73 were killed, 174 were wounded, and 26 were missing. While the colonists lost many minutemen, the Battles of Lexington and Concord were considered a major military victory and displayed to the British and King George III that unjust behavior would not be tolerated in America. The battles also constituted the first military conflicts of the American Revolution.
summary of what happened- On the night of april 18, 1775 hundreds of british troops marched from boston to nearby concord in order to seize an arms cache. Paul Revere and other riders sounded the alarm, and colonial militiamen began mobilizing to intercept the Redcoat column. A confrontation on the Lexington town green started off the fighting, and soon the British were hastily retreating under intense fire. Many more battles followed, and in 1783 the colonists formally won their independence.
the aftermath-The Battles of Lexington and Concord took a toll on both sides. For the colonists, 49 were killed, 39 were wounded, and five were missing. For the British, 73 were killed, 174 were wounded, and 26 were missing. While the colonists lost many minutemen, the Battles of Lexington and Concord were considered a major military victory and displayed to the British and King George III that unjust behavior would not be tolerated in America. The battles also constituted the first military conflicts of the American Revolution.
battle of bunker hill
date- june 17, 1775
summary of what happened-Both armies had fought courageously and learned much. For the Redcoats, the lesson was painful. Although they had captured the hill, out of 2,200 soldiers engaged, 1,034 were casualties. The British attempted no further actions outside Boston for the next nine months. When Howe replaced Gage as military commander in America, the events of that day would continue to haunt him, and he would time and again fail to follow up a victory over the Americans.
the aftermath-the British defeated the Americans at the Battle of Bunker Hill in Massachusetts. Despite their loss, the inexperienced colonial forces inflicted significant casualties against the enemy, and the battle provided them with an important confidence boost. Although commonly referred to as the Battle of Bunker Hill, most of the fighting occurred on nearby Breed’s Hill.The Americans had shown they could stand up to the British in traditional open field combat. But where they had succeeded, it had been through individual gallantry rather than tactical planning or discipline. Some regiments had fought well, other not at all. Of an estimated 2,500 to 4,000 men engaged, 400 to 600 were casualties. Stronger leadership would be critical to success in further battles. This leadership was provided on July 2, 1775 when George Washington arrived in Cambridge to assume his role as Commander-in-Chief of the new Continental Army.
summary of what happened-Both armies had fought courageously and learned much. For the Redcoats, the lesson was painful. Although they had captured the hill, out of 2,200 soldiers engaged, 1,034 were casualties. The British attempted no further actions outside Boston for the next nine months. When Howe replaced Gage as military commander in America, the events of that day would continue to haunt him, and he would time and again fail to follow up a victory over the Americans.
the aftermath-the British defeated the Americans at the Battle of Bunker Hill in Massachusetts. Despite their loss, the inexperienced colonial forces inflicted significant casualties against the enemy, and the battle provided them with an important confidence boost. Although commonly referred to as the Battle of Bunker Hill, most of the fighting occurred on nearby Breed’s Hill.The Americans had shown they could stand up to the British in traditional open field combat. But where they had succeeded, it had been through individual gallantry rather than tactical planning or discipline. Some regiments had fought well, other not at all. Of an estimated 2,500 to 4,000 men engaged, 400 to 600 were casualties. Stronger leadership would be critical to success in further battles. This leadership was provided on July 2, 1775 when George Washington arrived in Cambridge to assume his role as Commander-in-Chief of the new Continental Army.
battle of trenton
date- december 26, 1776
summary of what happened-the battle of trenton was fought during american revolutionary war and it took place near Trenton, New jersey the battle was fought between america against hessians and british troops after american lost the battle in New York and were forced to retreat through New Jersey.
aftermath-As Cadwalader and Ewing were unable to join along with their 2,600 troops, Washington dropped the plan to advance further to Princeton and New Brunswick. After the battle, Washington and his troops moved back to Pennsylvania by crossing Delaware, taking back prisoners and captured supplies. This battle, despite its small scale, did wonders to the confidence level of Continental Army. They believed that they could defeat the European army, even after Hessians instilled fear in them during the battle of Long Island. It led to increased enlistment into the army.
summary of what happened-the battle of trenton was fought during american revolutionary war and it took place near Trenton, New jersey the battle was fought between america against hessians and british troops after american lost the battle in New York and were forced to retreat through New Jersey.
aftermath-As Cadwalader and Ewing were unable to join along with their 2,600 troops, Washington dropped the plan to advance further to Princeton and New Brunswick. After the battle, Washington and his troops moved back to Pennsylvania by crossing Delaware, taking back prisoners and captured supplies. This battle, despite its small scale, did wonders to the confidence level of Continental Army. They believed that they could defeat the European army, even after Hessians instilled fear in them during the battle of Long Island. It led to increased enlistment into the army.
battle of princeton
date- January 3, 1777
summary of what happened-
the aftermath-After entering Princeton, the Americans began to loot the abandoned British supply wagons and the town itself. With news that Cornwallis was approaching, Washington knew he had to leave Princeton. Washington wanted to push onto New Brunswick and capture a British pay chest of 70,000 pounds but Major Generals Henry Knox and Nathanael Greene talked him out of it. Instead, Washington moved his army to Somerset Courthouse and in the following days, to Morristown, arriving on January 6, at 5:00 PM.After the battle, Cornwallis abandoned many of his posts in New Jersey, and ordered his army to retreat to New Brunswick.
summary of what happened-
the aftermath-After entering Princeton, the Americans began to loot the abandoned British supply wagons and the town itself. With news that Cornwallis was approaching, Washington knew he had to leave Princeton. Washington wanted to push onto New Brunswick and capture a British pay chest of 70,000 pounds but Major Generals Henry Knox and Nathanael Greene talked him out of it. Instead, Washington moved his army to Somerset Courthouse and in the following days, to Morristown, arriving on January 6, at 5:00 PM.After the battle, Cornwallis abandoned many of his posts in New Jersey, and ordered his army to retreat to New Brunswick.
valley forge
a. right before valley forge there was a battle called a "the battle of brandywine" this battle was almost a disaster for the patriots. it was a depressing loss for them
b.While Valley Forge was not a site of a great battle during the American Revolutionary War, it was the site of one of its pivotal moments. George Washington and the Continental Army spent a brutal winter there in 1777-78, and during this time, many soldiers died not from battle, but instead from cold, disease, and hunger. The men who lived through the winter came out in the spring as a renewed force, however, both eager and ready to fight the British against all odds.After fighting the last battle of 1777, Washington decided to march his men to Valley Forge, where they would wait out the winter. He chose the site because it was easily defensible, and he could track the movements of the British. While tactically it was a strong choice, the location proved to be a harsh place to spend the winter. Soldiers built lodgings on the site, but the dwellings were constantly damp and cramped. This promoted the spread of disease, which claimed the lives of many men.
b.While Valley Forge was not a site of a great battle during the American Revolutionary War, it was the site of one of its pivotal moments. George Washington and the Continental Army spent a brutal winter there in 1777-78, and during this time, many soldiers died not from battle, but instead from cold, disease, and hunger. The men who lived through the winter came out in the spring as a renewed force, however, both eager and ready to fight the British against all odds.After fighting the last battle of 1777, Washington decided to march his men to Valley Forge, where they would wait out the winter. He chose the site because it was easily defensible, and he could track the movements of the British. While tactically it was a strong choice, the location proved to be a harsh place to spend the winter. Soldiers built lodgings on the site, but the dwellings were constantly damp and cramped. This promoted the spread of disease, which claimed the lives of many men.
battle of yorktown
date-September 28-october 19,1781
summary of happened-it was the last major battle in the American Revolution. British general Cornwallis was against French general Marquis de Lafayette and General George Washington. French admiral DeGrasse was commander of the French naval fleet and defeated the British navy, thus prohibiting them from entering Chesapeake Bay and giving aid and resources to Cornwallis. Cornwallis was surrendered--Washington's troops came from the North and Lafayette's from the South. This was called the 'pincer' strategy. Cornwallis couldn't go anywhere--by land (blockage by Washington and Lafayette) or by sea (blockage by DeGrasse). Cornwallis surrendered on October 17, his troops vastly outnumbered. By winning this battle, America won the war.
aftermath-the British fleet sent by Clinton to rescue the British army arrived. The fleet picked up several Loyalists who had escaped on October 18, and they informed Admiral Thomas Graves that they believed Cornwallis had surrendered.Graves picked up several more Loyalists along the coast, and they confirmed this fact. Graves sighted the French Fleet, but chose to leave because he was outnumbered by nine ships, and thus he sent the fleet back to New York.Washington sent Tench Tilghman to report the victory to Congress.
summary of happened-it was the last major battle in the American Revolution. British general Cornwallis was against French general Marquis de Lafayette and General George Washington. French admiral DeGrasse was commander of the French naval fleet and defeated the British navy, thus prohibiting them from entering Chesapeake Bay and giving aid and resources to Cornwallis. Cornwallis was surrendered--Washington's troops came from the North and Lafayette's from the South. This was called the 'pincer' strategy. Cornwallis couldn't go anywhere--by land (blockage by Washington and Lafayette) or by sea (blockage by DeGrasse). Cornwallis surrendered on October 17, his troops vastly outnumbered. By winning this battle, America won the war.
aftermath-the British fleet sent by Clinton to rescue the British army arrived. The fleet picked up several Loyalists who had escaped on October 18, and they informed Admiral Thomas Graves that they believed Cornwallis had surrendered.Graves picked up several more Loyalists along the coast, and they confirmed this fact. Graves sighted the French Fleet, but chose to leave because he was outnumbered by nine ships, and thus he sent the fleet back to New York.Washington sent Tench Tilghman to report the victory to Congress.
military leaders from american revolution
a. George Washington
-George Washington was the supreme commander of Colonial armies during the American Revolution. He also commanded the primary Colonial army in the field for most of the war (when the British switched to a Southern strategy, Washington remained in the North until British commander Lord Cornwallis retreated to Yorktown. Washington quickly marched south to lay siege to Cornwallis in the final battle of the war).
b. Richard Montgomery
-joined the British army to fight in the French and Indian War. He steadily rose through the ranks, serving in North America and then the Caribbean. After the war he was stationed at Fort Detroit during Pontiac's War, following which he returned to Britain for health reasons.
c. Benedict Arnold
-Arnold joined the Continental Army. Acting under a commission from the revolutionary government of Massachusetts, Arnold partnered with Vermont frontiersman Ethan Allen (1738-89) and Allen's Green Mountain Boys to capture the unsuspecting British garrison at Fort Ticonderoga in upstate New York
d. Horatio Gates-With assistance from Bolton, he was able to obtain a lieutenant's commission in the 20th Regiment of Foot. Serving in Germany during the War of the Austrian Succession, Gates quickly proved to be a skilled staff officer and later served as regimental adjutant. With the end of the conflict, Gates found himself unemployed when his regiment was disbanded. In 1749, he secured an appointment as aide-de-camp to Colonel Edward Cornwallis and traveled to Nova Scotia.
e. Thomas Gage
-The commissioning of Thomas Gage as Royal Governor of Massachusetts was a clear sign that English tolerance of rebellion in Massachusetts had reached its limit. Gage had a decade of service in the English infantry, was familiar with combat in American from the French and Indian War, and had been Commander-In-Chief of British Forces in North America. 1774,Governor Gage's ability to influence life through political means was all but ended. His rule increasingly became that of a military governor, an occupier of territory that ruled by force.
f. William Howe
-William Howe was one of the British generals during the Revolutionary War.he led the British troops in attacking Breed's Hill. This battle became known as the Battle of Bunker Hill.The Americans fought bravely, but they eventually ran low on ammunition and the British finally captured the hill. Many British soldiers died during the battle, but General Howe led his troops well.
g. John Burgoyne
-He is best known for his role in the American War of Independence.
h. Charles Cornwallis
-George Washington was the supreme commander of Colonial armies during the American Revolution. He also commanded the primary Colonial army in the field for most of the war (when the British switched to a Southern strategy, Washington remained in the North until British commander Lord Cornwallis retreated to Yorktown. Washington quickly marched south to lay siege to Cornwallis in the final battle of the war).
b. Richard Montgomery
-joined the British army to fight in the French and Indian War. He steadily rose through the ranks, serving in North America and then the Caribbean. After the war he was stationed at Fort Detroit during Pontiac's War, following which he returned to Britain for health reasons.
c. Benedict Arnold
-Arnold joined the Continental Army. Acting under a commission from the revolutionary government of Massachusetts, Arnold partnered with Vermont frontiersman Ethan Allen (1738-89) and Allen's Green Mountain Boys to capture the unsuspecting British garrison at Fort Ticonderoga in upstate New York
d. Horatio Gates-With assistance from Bolton, he was able to obtain a lieutenant's commission in the 20th Regiment of Foot. Serving in Germany during the War of the Austrian Succession, Gates quickly proved to be a skilled staff officer and later served as regimental adjutant. With the end of the conflict, Gates found himself unemployed when his regiment was disbanded. In 1749, he secured an appointment as aide-de-camp to Colonel Edward Cornwallis and traveled to Nova Scotia.
e. Thomas Gage
-The commissioning of Thomas Gage as Royal Governor of Massachusetts was a clear sign that English tolerance of rebellion in Massachusetts had reached its limit. Gage had a decade of service in the English infantry, was familiar with combat in American from the French and Indian War, and had been Commander-In-Chief of British Forces in North America. 1774,Governor Gage's ability to influence life through political means was all but ended. His rule increasingly became that of a military governor, an occupier of territory that ruled by force.
f. William Howe
-William Howe was one of the British generals during the Revolutionary War.he led the British troops in attacking Breed's Hill. This battle became known as the Battle of Bunker Hill.The Americans fought bravely, but they eventually ran low on ammunition and the British finally captured the hill. Many British soldiers died during the battle, but General Howe led his troops well.
g. John Burgoyne
-He is best known for his role in the American War of Independence.
h. Charles Cornwallis